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the vitamin. Used in: skim milk, dietary infant formula, blue cheese, Gorgonzola cheese, milk, margarine, frozen egg substitute. Definition: A

vitamin necessary for cell growth and the prevention of night blindness. May Be Non-Vegetarian

Product information: Rhone-Poulenc Inc., a man­ufacturer of this vitamin, reports that a petrochemical is used as the starting material. The vitamin may be combined with acetic, propionic or palmitic acids and used in foods in this form. (See en tries for acetic, propionic, and palmitic acids).

vitamin B-1 See thiamin.

vitamin B-2 See riboflavin.

vitamin B-3 See niacin.

vitamin B-5 See pantothenic acid.

vitamin B-6 See pyridoxine.

vitamin B-12 Also known as: cyanocobalamin. Commercial Source: synthetic, fungal. Exists in: meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products. Used in: nutritional supplements, breakfast cereals, nutritional yeast, processed foods. Definition: A B vitamin which is essential for the formation of red blood cells and the maintenance a healthy nervous system. Vegan

Product information: Rhone-Poulenc Inc. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., two of the largest producers of this vitamin, report that bacterial fermentation is their method of manufacture.

vitamin C Also known as: ascorbic acid, iso-ascorbic (erythorbic) acid, sodium ascorbate, sodium isoascorbate. Commercial Source: Typically synthetic (from corn). Exists in: many fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits. Used in: beverages, potato flakes, breakfast foods, bread dough, canned and frozen processed foods, processed meats, frozen fruit, dry and fluid milk. Definition: A vitamin necessary for the maintenance of body tissues and normal bones. Vegan

vitamin D Also known as: calciferol, ergocal­ciferol (vitamin D-2); cholecalciferol, activated 7-dehydrocholesterol (vitamin D-3). Commercial Source: animal (sheep wool, fish), fungal. Vitamin D-2 is made on a commercial scale from yeast. D-2 may be used to fortify milk, butter, margarine, breakfast cereals, infant dietary formulas. D-3 synthesis begins with cholesterol from oily wool. Most vitamin D in vitamin pills is in the form of D-3. Foods, including milk, may also be fortified with D-3. Some vitamin D in vitamin pills and foods (including milk) may be derived from fish oil. Exists in: fish oil, fish organs, egg yolks. Used in: milk, butter, infant dietary formulas. Definition: A vitamin which is essential for the normal develop­ment of bones and teeth. Typically Vegetarian

Product information: Rhone-Poulenc, a manu­facturer of vitamin D-3, begins its synthesis with cholesterol from oily wool.

vitamin E Also known as: tocopherol, alpha tocopherol. Commercial Source: veg­etable or synthetic. Exists in: vegetables oils, wheat germ, nuts, green leafy vegetables. Used in: fats and oils, dietary supplements. Definition: A vitamin which is essential for normal muscle growth. Typically Vegetarian

Product information: Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. produces a synthetic vitamin E, although they report that they will eventually convert to a natural extraction.

wax Commercial Source: vegetable, synthetic, animal (insect- or cow-derived). Used in: chewing gum base, candy. Used on: produce, food packages. Definition: The name for substances which are similar to fats and repulse water. They are most often used as fruit and vegetable protective coatings. Typically Vegetarian

wheat gluten Also known as: wheat isolate, wheat gluten, vital wheat gluten. Source: vegetable. Used in: seitan, bread, baked goods. Definition: A mixture of proteins from wheat flour. Vegan

whey Commercial Source: animal (milk). Used in: baked goods, ice cream, dry mixes, processed foods. Definition: The watery material which remains after most of the protein and fat have been removed from milk. Vegetarian

wine Commercial Source: vegetable. Definition: An alcoholic beverage made from plants or fruit, especially grapes. Wine may be made clear through treatment with a small amount of animal protein such as gelatin, albumen, or casein. (See gelatin, albumen, and casein). It may also be made clear through a mineral filter known as bentonite. (See bentonite). Non-Vegetarian

xanthan gum Also known as: corn sugar gum. Commercial Source: vegetable. Used in: dairy products, salad dressings, sauces, baked goods, pie fillings, beverages. Definition: A widely used and versatile vegetable gum which is sometimes used as a thickener. Vegan

yeast extract See autolyzed yeast extract.

yeast food Commercial Source: Typically vegetable or mineral. Examples: malt, sugar, calcium phosphate. Used in: baked goods, beer, wine. Definition: A general term for all the substances added to nourish yeast and speed up the process by which they produce alcoholic bev­erages or baked goods. Typically Vegan

zein Commercial Source: vegetable. Used in: nuts, grain products, confections. Defini­tion: A corn protein which functions as a coating or glaze. Vegan

Handy Guide to Food Ingredients

Classification of Commercial Ingredients

Vegetarian means that the ingredient does not contain products derived from meat, fish, or fowl. It may include sources from dairy. Insect secretions, such as honey, are also classified as vegetarian. Vegan means that the item contains no animal products whatsoever. Non-vegetarian means that the ingredient (or substance used to process the ingredient)